8 points to conserve the water

The purpose of water conservation is to increase the amount of clean water available.Some of the methods of water conservation are as follows:

• Using less water and avoiding wastage at home.
• Using better methods of irrigation,such as drip irrigation,in which water is supplied to the roots of plants drop by drop,instead of filling the entire field with water.
• Recycling of water in factories and using it several times before it it disposed off.
• Effective flood controls,specially by building dams and reservoirs.
• Soil conservation methods,such as planting trees increases the level of groundwater.
• Treating sewage and the factory waste before disposing them off so that water sources are not polluted.
• Using biodegradable fertilizers and pesticides.
• Water harvesting of rainwater to raise the groundwater level.

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How sounds is produced by Humans

Put a hand firmly on your throat and sing 'oooooo......' Can you feel the vibrations in your throat that produce
the sound?Sing in low and high.Can you feel the differences in vibrations?We produce sound in the larynx of our throat of our throats of our throats.The larynx has two vocal cords,which are folds of tissue with a slit-like opening between them.When we speak, air passes through the opening and the vocal cords vibrate to produce sound.Women have shorter vocal cords(about 15 mm long) than men (about 20 mm long),Children have very short vocal cords.Than is why the frequency of sound produced by women and children is of higher frequency than sound produced by men.

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know more about constellations

Thousands of years ago,astronomers divided the stars into groups and drew imaginary pictures around them, such as that of a hunter or a bear.This made it easier for them to remember the stars patterns.Such a group of stars is called a constellation.The shape of a constellation is always remains the same.Constellations appear to move from east to west.Today,88 constellations are recognized by astronomers. Remember, however,that the stars in a constellation are actually unrelated.They are at widely varying distances from the Earth.However,when viewed from the Earth,they appear to be at the same distance and form a group.Some constellations are discussed below.

Ursa Major(Great Bear)
It contains seven bright stars

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know more about the Braille Code

table bar.

The Braille system is a method of writing for blind.It is not a separate language,but just another way to read and write English or any other language.

Every character is the Braille code is based on an arrangement of one to six raised dots.Each dot has a numbered position in the Braille cell.These characters make up the letters of the alphabets,punctuations marks,numbers, and also special characters.

The letter "A" is written with only 1 dot.

The letter "D" has dots 1,4 and 5.

the Table bar shows that the dots are arranged in the Braille cell for each letter of the alphabet.

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10 points for caring for your eyes

Your eyes are the most important sense organ, and you must take all precautions to protect them.
Here are some tips.

• Eat a balanced diet.Foods with vitamin A(for examples,carrots)are neccessary to prevent night blindness(through they do not improve normal eyesight).
• Wear protective goggles in the workshop and in the chemistry lab.
• Ultraviolet rays in sunlight adversely affect your eyes.Make sure that the sunglasses you wear have UV protection.
• Read in good light.Though reading in dim light does not damage the eyes,it does tire them more quickly.
• Do not watch television in a dark room.Keep a light on.
• If you wear glasses,use them.Straining to see without glasses tires the eyes.
• Use an anti-glare filter on your computer monitor.
• Position the computer monitor just below eye level and a little farther away than you would hold a book while reading.
• Take frequent breaks from watching TV,working on a computer or reading,to give your eyes muscle a rest.Close your eyes or state at a distance.
• At the first sign of a problem with the eyes-irritation,burning or problems in reading or seeing far objects,get a check up done.    

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who is Count Alessandro Volta(1745-1827)

alessandro Volta

This Italian physicist is known for his pioneering work in electricity.He made the first electric battery,called the voltaic pile.Among his many other contributions to science was the inventions of the device known as the electrophorus which produced static electricity. Napolean made Volta a count in honour of his work.Volt,the unit of electric voltage,is named after him.
                                   Volta was born in a northern Italy town,known as Como,in February 18, 1745.He is known for the invention of the electric cell,discovery of methane,volt,voltage,voltmeter.

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how a Seismograph is work.

The simplest form of a seismograph is a simple pendulum.When the ground shakes,the base and the frame of the seismometer move with it,but the pendulum bob remains in place.thus,there is a relative motion between the bob and the sharing ground.A pen pen below the bob records this motion on a paper that is moved by a rotating Drum.The recording is the seismogram.The science that deals with the seismic waves is called seismology and earthquake scientists are called seismologists.

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know more about Pluto.

Pluto, demoted from planet status in 2006, has been reclassified.It and other dwarf planets like it will be called plutoids. The International Astronomical Union(IAU) gave a full definition of what counts as a plutoid.
  A plutoid is defined as atype of dwarf planets that orbits the sun at a distance greater the Neptune an dhas enough mass for its self-gravity to give it a near-spherical shape.
  The two known and named plutoids are Pluto and Eris.The organization expects more plutoids will be found.Another dwarf planet,Ceres,does not merit the plutoid designation because it is the asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter.

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some amazing facts about body

Chromosomes

1. A bigger organism has a larger number of cells than a smaller one-but the size of cells has no relation to the size of the organism
2. Chromosomes in the nucleus occur in matching pairs.There are 23 pairs of chromosomes in every normal human cell.In each pair,one chromosomes comes from the father and one from the mother.Each chromosomes in the nucleus has thousands of tiny genes.along its length-like the beads of necklace.The gene is the unit of inheritance in the living organism-it controls the transfer of hereditary characteristics from parents to offspring.Each gene carries the information about specific trait of an organism,for example,colour of eyes or the type of hair(curly or straight).
3. The cell wall in plants contains cellulose.This cellulose acts as roughage in our diet and therefore is very important for us.We cannot get roughage from animal foods,as animal cells do not contain a cell wall.

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Why is patanjali respected to this day?

Patanjali, or Acharya Patanjali s he has been known through the ages,was one of the great yogis of all time.He lived in the 2nd century BC,and is credited with the first attempt to bring together all the knowledge contained in the ancient Indian science of yoga.He prescribed the control of prana or life breath as the means to control the body,mind, and soul. Acharya Patanjali's 84 yogic postures effectively enhance the efficiency of the respiratory,circulatory,nervous,digestive,and endocrine systems,and many other organs of the body.
  The yoga system of Patanjali is known as the Eightfold Path,which leads to the final goal of God-realization. Acharya Patanjali will forever be remembered and revered as a pioneer in the science of self-discipline,happiness, and self-realization.

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Why is Brahmagupta considered a great mathematician?

Brahmagupta was a great 7th century (AD 597-668) Indian mathematician and astrologer hailinfg from yhr state of Rajasthan. Brahmagupta became the head of the astronomical observatory at Ujjain.
  In his work on arithmetic, Brahmagupta explained hoe to find the cube and cube-root of an integer,and gave rules facilitating the computation of square and square roots.He also gave rules for dealing with five types of combinations of fractions.
  Brahmagupta's genius, however, came in his treatment of the concept of zero.Although the number zero is often also attributed to the 7th century Indian mathematician Bhaskara 1,Brahmagupta's 'Brahma Sphuta Siddhanta'  is probably the earliest known text to treat Zero as a number in its own right,rather than as simply a place holder digit as was done till then.
 Brahmagupta also dedicated a substantial portion of his work to geometry and trigonometry. 

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Why was Varahamihira considered one of the nine jewels of Vikramaditya's court?

Varahamihira was an Indian astrologer,astronomer and mathematician who lived in Ujjain between 505 and 587 AD.His book 'Pancha Siddhanta' holds a prominent place in the realm of astronomy.this work is a treatise on mathematical astronomy, and its summarizes five earlier astronomical treatises.
  Varahamihira's other works reveal his discoveries in the fields of geography,science,botany,and animal science.
  In his treatise on botanical science,Varahamihira presents cures for various diseases afflicting plants and trees.His work 'Brihat Samhita' gives us descriptions of heavenly bodies,their movements,and conjunctions.
  Varahamihira made some important mathematical discoveries as well.He was considered to be one of the nine jewels or navratnas of the court of the Legendry ruler Vikramaditya of Ujjain for his contributions to different branches of science.    

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why is Aryabhata considered to be one of the greatest of astronomers?

Aryabhata is the famous Indian mathematician and astronomer,who was born in 476 AD.He studied at the university of Nalanda.Later,he became the head of the University.
  Aryabhata is considered to have changed the course of mathematics and astronomy to a great extent.He was the first to deduce that the earth is round,and that it rotates on its own axis,creating day and night.He declared that the moon is dark and shines only because of sunlight,and that the eclipses are caused by the shadows cast by the earth and the moon.
  His most famous works are the Aryabhatiya, and the Arya Siddhanta.Aryabhata was the first in the line of great mathematician-astronomers from the classical age of the Indian mathematics and astronomy.India's first satellite is named after him. 

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Who was Nagarjuna?

Nagarjuna was great Indian scientist who was born in Gujarat in AD 931.He was a chemist, an alchemist,metallurgist and medicine man.
  As an alchemist,he knew the art of transmuting base metals to look like gold.The Arabs learnt the technique  
from him,and called it Al Kimia.Medieval Europeans learn about it from the Arabs,and called it alchemy.
  Nagarjuna's most famous work is 'Rasarat-nakara' which deals with preparations of rasa-or mercury-compounds.In his treatise,he has discussed methods for the exaction of metals like gold,silver,tin and copper.
   As the author of medical books like 'Arogya-manjari' and 'Yogasara',he also made significant contributions to the field of curative medicine.Because of his profound scholarliness and versatile knowledge,he was appointed as chancellor of the famous university of Nalanda. He was one of the wizards of chemistry,and his discoveries continue to impress and astonish scientists even today.     

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charaka samhita

Charaka samhita

'Charaka Samhita' is the famous Ayurvedic treatise written by Charaka.It has remained a standard work on the subject for more than two thousand years,and has been translated into many languages,including Arabic and latin.

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why is kanada associated with the atom?

The stage kanada,who lived in the 6th century BC,was the world's first proponent of the 'atomic theory'.He started that the atom-or paramanu-is indivisible,and that the world is made up of atoms.He has classified all the objects of creation into nine elements-earth,water,light,wind,ether,time,space,mind and soul.According to him,every object of creation is made of atoms. Kanada added that there are a variety of paramanu that are as different as the different classes of substances.Each paramanu has a peculiar property which is the same as the class of substance it belongs to. Kanada spoke of the tendency of atoms or paramanu to combine together to form what we now call molecules. Kanada also put forward the idea of chemical change,which he said is caused by heat. Kanada was a genius,phiospher,and the pioneer of the atomic theory.  

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Halayudha

Halayudha was an Indian mathematician who lived in the 10th century AD.He is believed to be the first person to give a clear description of a geometrical arrangment now known as Pascal's Triangle. 

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why is charaka called the 'father of medicines'?

Charaka was born around 300 BC.He is believed to have been a wandering Buddhist monk and physician,and was one of the principal contributors to the ancient art and science of Ayurveda.He wrote the famous treatise called 'Charaka Samhita'which is used as a reference book even today.Charaka was the first physicianto present the concept of digestion,metabolism,immunity, and fundamentals of genetics.He studied the anatomy of the human body and various organs,and calculated 360 as the total number of bones,including teeth,present in the human body.He wrongly believed that the heart had one cavity,but he was right when he considered it to be a controlling centre.
   Charaka never just treated diseases.He would first study all the factors,including environment,which influence a patient's disease,and only then,prescribe a course of treatment.To this day,Charaka is called the father of medicines,and is famed for his power to illuminate the reason for illness with the lamp of knowledge and understanding.

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Why is Sushruta called 'the father of plastic Surgery'

Sushruta was one of the earliest surgeons in recorded history.He lived in the 6th century BC,nearly 150 years before Hippocrates, and left a book,the 'Sushruta Samhita' explaining his surgical methods.In his book ,Sushruta described how to pull teeth,how to fix broken bones,and how to fix blockages of the intestines.
    Sushruta was the first physician to advocate what is today known as the 'caesarean' surgery.He was also an expert in removing kidney stones,and locating and treating fractures.
    Sushruta was the first physician who mended a nose almost 26 centuries ago.The technique he used is not very difficult from what a plastics surgeons uses today.

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electrolysis

it can be checked that the gases evolved are hydrogen and oxygen.Where did these gases come from?what does this indicate?the gases comes from water-electric current breaks up water into its constituent gases,hydrogen and oxygen.This observation,therefore,shows that electric current has a chemical effect on water.a substance which conducts electricity in the liquid state or when dissolved in water and breaks up chemically during the process is called an electrolyte.the process of breaking up of and electrolyte chemically on passing an electric cu 

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why are rain clouds black?

Clouds are formed of tiny water droplets and ice crystals that float in the air.Generally,clouds appear white in colour because of the scattering of sunlight.As you know,sunlight consists of seven colours of a rainbow.When light passes through clouds,all the seven clouds are scattered by the water droplets and ice particles and together they produce a white appearance.
   Rain clouds,however,are densely packed with water droplets,ice and snow particles.So,light cannot penetrate them.Thus we do not see the rays from the sun and this results in a dark effect.
    If we look from an aircraft flying at high altitude,these dark clouds will look white.This is due to the reflection of light falling on them.That means the same clouds appear both dark and white at the same time!
for more information click here

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the gold-leaf electroscope

The gold-leaf electroscope consists of a metal disc to which a metal rod is attached.The metal rod passes into  a bell jar through a tightly-fitted rubber stopper.At the bottom of the metal rod are mounted two thin strips(or leaves) of metal.these can be made of copper,brass or gold.The bell jar rests on a wooden base.Tin foil is attached to the sides of the bell jar.
for more information click here

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national sports awards 2012

Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna Award-2012

1.                Vijay Kumar(shooting)

2.                Yogeshwar Dutt(Wrestling)

Arjuna Award-2012

1.               Deepika kumari(Archery)

2.               Laishram Bombayla Devi(Archery)

3.               Sudha Singh(Athletics)

4.               Kavita Ramdas Raut(Athletics)

5.               Ashwani Ponnappa(badminton)

6.               Parupalli Kashyap(badminton)

7.               Aditya S.Mehta(billiards and snooker)

8.               Vikas Krishan(Boxing)

9.               Yuvraj Singh(cricket)

10.             Sardar Singh(Hockey)

11.             Yashpal Solanki(Judo)

12.             Anup Kumar(Kabaddi)

13.             Samir Suhag(polo)

14.             Annu raj Singh(shooting)

15.             Omkar Singh(shooting)

16.             Joydeep Karmakar(shooting)

17.             Deepika Pallikal(squash)

18.             Sandeep Sejwal(swimming)

19.             Ng. Sonia Chanu(weightlifting)

20.             Narsingh Yadav(wrestling)

21.             Rajinder Kumar(wrestling)

22.             Geeta phogat(wrestling)

23.             M.Bimoljit Singh(Wushu)

24.             Deepa Mallick(Athletics-paralympics)

25.             Ramkaran Singh(Athletics-paralympics)

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language and literature

DID you know that.....

...the real name of the famous English writer of the 19th century George Eliot,was Mary Ann Evans.She took up the name 'George Eliot'when she began to write English fiction.

                                        Her first published work came at the age of 27 years.it was a translation of the life of Jesus.In 1857 and 1858 George Eliot published her first stories,Scenes from clerical life.Thereafter came the first of her many novels titled Adam Bede.

....William Shakespeare,is considered to be one of the greatest English writers(whose dramas and poems have become immortal classics).He was born on April 23,1564 in a small England town named Stratford-on-Avon.And after exactly 52 years,he died in the same town,exactly on the date he was born on,i.e.,April 23(in 1616).

                                                  Every year from April to December a grand festival is held in his honour at his birthplace, i.e., Stratford-on-Avon.This festival is called the Shakespeare Festival.  






...Plato was the most famous disciple of Socrates, and a great philosopher,educator and authority on politics in the western world of 4th century B.C.
                  'The republic' is the most famous of Plato's dialogues,in which he recorded the wisdom of his master Socrates and through Socrates he talks about an ideal republic where justice will be available to all and everyone will have the right to do the work most suited to him.

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biology

Plants are living beings,they grow and die.They are made up of cells.Plants require right conditions in the environment for their healthy growth.They require minerals from the soil,oxygen and carbon dioxide from the air,right amount of light,right amount of water and right temperature.

How plants are useful to us?
Plants play a significant role in our lives.They are the main sources of products used by the people like food,fibres(for cloth),and medicines,wood etc. Wood is the main fuel used by people to cook their meals and warm their homes during winter season.Apart from this coal,natural gas,and gasoline,is also made from plants that lived millions of years ago.

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Electricity

Electricity is the phenomena caused by an electric charge whether static or in motion.It is the most useful and convenient form of energy and can be easily converted into other forms of energy like heat,light and sound.There are two kinds of electricity-static and current electricity.Static electricity is so cannot move on its own while current electricity can move from one place to another through wires.

Lightning in the sky
Lightning is an example the sky is of static electricity.Clouds become negatively charged as ice crystals inside the clouds rub up against each other.Meanwhile,on the ground,the positive charge increases.The clouds get so highly charged that the electrons jump from the ground to the cloud,or from one cloud to another cloud.This causes huge spark of static electricity in the sky which we call lightning. 

Who invented lightning rod?
Benjamin Franklin gave the theory that lightning is an electrical phenomenon.He performed the famous kite experiment in the year 1752 and then he invented the lightning rod.

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Palace on wheels

Palace on wheels is a train that ranks amongst the top ten luxury trains in the world.The name of the train is quite apt as it really takes you back to the royal bygone era of palaces and luxuries.The train was named so because of the royal background of its coaches.The coaches that once played host to the erstwhile kings and maharajas were taken over by the State government and railway ministry.The air-conditioned broad gauges new train replaced the existing ones.Palace On Wheels now has 14 saloons, 2 restaurants cum kitchen cars,one bar cum lounge and 4 service cars.There is also a comfortable lounge,a library and a bar. 

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Sonamarg

Sonamarg,also known as the "Golden Meadow",is situated at a height of 2740m. The drive to this beautiful meadow is also as spectacular as the place itself.Driving through the Sindhu valley,you get to see another aspect of Kashmir.Enriched by snow-covered mountains,Sonamarg is a place of enchanting beauty.Surrounded by dense forests,full ofd sycamore and alpine flowers,silver birch, fir and pine,the meadow presents a captivating sight.The charm of Sonamarg hills station is further enhanced by the snow capped mountains as the backdrop and the Sindhu river meandering through it.

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Goa carnival

The Goa carnival is synonymous with the state of Goa and is the manifestation of the quintessential fun-loving spirit of Goans at its sublime best.largely a legacy of the Portuguese era,the Goa carnival has transcended the confines of its religions roots.Seen in a wider context,the carnival of Goa is one of the several carnivals held in different parts of the world that precede the 40-days abstinence period of Lent. 

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the building of mohenjo-daro

As with the Sumerian nation which developed between the Tigris and the Euphrates,and Egypt which originated in the Nile valley,the third oldest civilization also developed beside a river.this was the great state which grew up in the indus river basin.its capital,built about 2500 BC,was the amazing Indian city of Mohenjo-daro. it was constructed almost entirely of bricks made from sun-dried mud and clay,held together by mortar.

Dancing girl from mohenjo
daro(2500 B.C.)in bronze

For its time it was far in advance of any other city.it was built to a plan obviously drawn up at its foundation,for its streets,laid out in rectangular blocks,were similar to those of a modern 

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pinhole camera

Pinhole camera is based on the principle that light travels in a straight line 

Construction
 A pinhole camera consists of a cardboard or wooden box having a pinhole in its front face and a translucent grounded glass/waxed paper screen at the back.the distance between the pinhole and the screen may be the fixed or adjustable.the distance between the pinhole and the screen can be adjusted by moving the screen towards or away from the pinhole

     Working :When the pinhole of the camera is turned towards a bright object,a real,inverted image of the object is formed on the screen.the nature has provided you a large number of pinhole cameras.you have to simply stand under a dense tree on a sunny day and watch the round patches of light on the ground.these round patches are the images of the sun.the gaps between the leaves are the pinholes.
Advantages of Pinhole Camera
    A pinhole camera has the following advantages.
         *No focusing is required.
         *There is no lens in pinhole camera.therefore,the image is free from spherical and chromatic aberrations.
Disadvantages of Pinhole Camera
     A pinhole camera has the following disadvantages.
         *The image formed does not give any details.usually,the image is hazy.
         *Image is obtained on the screen.No permanent record of the image can be obtained.
         *Pinhole camera cannot be used for studying moving object. 

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Foldable plane

Scientists in the US have developed a foldable,two-seater plane which can cruise on land,sea and even snow.Named Akoya,the $350,000 plane has already undergone over 70 successful test-flights and is slated to hit the market soon.It is just as comfortable on water,and even on snow,as it is in the air.it can travel up to 2011 km on a single trip at speeds of up to 135 knots before touching down on practically any smooth surface.the multi-purpose plane comes with foldable wings,which allows it to be kept in a garage.

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living jewels 'fish'

Living jewels with a Heading Touch
The wonderfully glistening and glittering ornamental fish in aquaria are always a sight to watch.who would wonder that these beautiful ornamental fish,so aesthetically pleasing to the eyes,could open up avenues for self-employment and entrepreneurship and also play a major role as economic engines?the global trade of ornamental fish is worth $282 million(financial express,2010).no doubt they are known as 'Living Jewels'

Notopteus Notopteus

Puntius spp.

Xenentodon cancilla

AQUARIUM CARE

*Feed the fish twice a day at a fixed time,remove left over food after feeding

*If fish are continuously gasping at the surface of water,reduce the number of fish or increase aeration and change 30% to 50% water of the aquarium

*Aerate intermittently for 6-10 hours in summers and 2-3 hours in winters

*Occasionally provide live feed

*Avoid:   

-overcrowding the aquarium with plants and fishes

-exposure to direct sunlight or artificial lights for longer durations

-insecticides sprays near aquarium

-shifting aquarium when filled with water

-sudden switching on or off the aquarium lights

-overfeeding or underfeeding the fish

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great barrier reef,australia

Great Barrier Reef is losing fast its coral cover due to global warming.the coral cover of the World Heritage Site has gone down by half over the past 27 years due to cyclones,poisonous starfish and bleaching linked to climate change,says a new study.Australian researchers warn that the coral cover on the reef-the world's largest-could halve again by 2022 if trends continued. 

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